The Establishment of the Criterion of Lenient (Emtenani) Rulings within Islamic Law and Their Implications in Jurisprudence and Iranian Civil Law

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Level Four Seminary Student, Qom Seminary, Qom, Iran

2 Senior Instructor, Islamic Seminary of Qom, Qom, Iran

Abstract

In Imamiya jurisprudence, lenient or emtenani rulings refer to those enacted by the Lawgiver to ease difficulties or alleviate hardship under specific conditions for certain individuals. The effects and requirements of such rulings in jurisprudence and civil law include the suspension or non-implementation of primary rulings and the restriction or expansion of primary rulings in cases of leniency. However, applying these effects depends on understanding the concept and instances of lenient rulings, which are clear for some rulings but disputed for others. Therefore, the primary question is whether a criterion exists to identify lenient religious rulings and distinguish them from non-lenient ones. In this article, we first aim to establish a criterion for recognizing lenient rulings based on the evidence of religious rulings, which consists of two features: ease and reduction of burden, as well as the possibility of enacting burdensome rulings. Second, we apply this criterion to certain rulings—such as the rulings of Hadith al-Raf' (the hadith of exemption), negation of harm (nafy darar), negation of hardship (nafy haraj), and negation of domination (nafy sabil)—and examine the implications of differing views on their leniency in the context of Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian civil law.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

*The holy Qur’an
Ayashi, M. ibn M. (2001). Tafseer al-‘Ayashi (Vol. 2). Tehran: Al-Matbah al-‘Ilmiyah. [In Arabic]
Iraqi, A. D. (1997). Nihayat al-Afkar (Vol. 2). Qom: Islamic Publications Office. [In Arabic]
Iraqi, A. D. (1997). Sharh Tabserat al-Muta‘allimīn (Vols. 4 & 5). Qom: Islamic Publications Office. [In Arabic]
Iraqi, A. D. (2000). Maqalat al-Usul (Vol. 2). Qom. [In Arabic]
Akhund Khorsani., M. K. (1987). Hashiyat al-Makasib. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. [In Persian]
Akhund Khorsani., M. K. (1990). Kifayat al-Usul. Qom: Al-Bayt Institution. [In Arabic]
Akhund Khorsani., M. K. (1991). Durar al-Fawaid fi al-Hashiyah 'ala al-Faraid. Tehran: Bina. [In Persian]
Ameli, M. T. (2001). Misbah al-Huda fi Sharh al-‘Urwah al-Wuthqa (Vols. 6 & 11). Tehran: Bina. [In Persian] 
Ansari, M. (1996). Kitab al-Makasib (Vol. 2). Qom: World Congress of Sheikh Ansari. [In Persian]
Ansari, M. (1996). Rasa’il Fiqhiyah. Qom: World Congress of Sheikh Ansari. [In Arabic]
Ansari, M. (1997). Fara’id al-Usul (Vols. 1 & 2). Qom: Islamic Publications Office. [In Arabic]
Ansari, M. (2004). Matarah al-Anzar (Vol. 2). Qom. [In Persian]
Bahrani, Y. (1986). Al-Hada’iq al-Nadhirah fi Ahkam al-‘Itrah al-Tahirah (Vol. 3). Qom: Islamic Publications Office. [In Arabic]
Bojnourdi, H. (1998). Al-Qawa’id al-Fiqhiyah (Vols. 1 & 4). Qom: Al-Hadi. [In Arabic]
Fadhil, M. J., Mugharrabi, A., & Soroush, M. (Interviewee: Sarami). (2008). Report from the Roundtable on the Principle of La Haraj in the Prohibited Acts. Journal of Fiqh, 55, pp. 168-196. [In Persian]
Fakhri al-Muhaqqiqīn, M. ibn H. (1987). Idah al-Fawa’id fi Sharh Mushkilat al-Qawa’id (Vol. 2). Qom: Ismailian Institution. [In Arabic]
Haeri, M. (2004). Mabani al-Ahkam fi Usul Shara’i al-Islam (Vol. 1). Qom. [In Arabic]
Hakim, S. M. T. (1997). Mustamsik al-‘Urwah al-Wuthqa (Vols. 4, 10, 11 & 13). Qom: Dar al-Tafseer. [In Arabic]
Hakim, S. M. T. (n.d.). Nahj al-Fiqhah. Qom: 22 Bahman Publications. 
Hamadani, A. R. (1997). Misbah al-Fiqhah (Vols. 6 & 14). Qom: Ja‘fariyah Institute for the Revival of Heritage. [In Arabic]
Harrani, Ibn Shub’ah. (1987). Huff al-‘Uqul ‘an Aal al-Rasul. Edited by: A. A. Ghafari. Qom: Islamic Publications Office. [In Arabic]
Hur Ameli, M. H. (1990). Wasail al-Shi‘ah ila Tahsil Masail al-Shari‘ah (Vols. 4 & 15). Qom: AlulBayt Institution. [In Arabic]
Ibn Idris, M. (1991). Al-Sara’ir al-Hawi li Tahrir al-Fatawa (Vol. 3). Qom: Islamic Publications Office. [In Arabic]
Ibn Shahra-shub. (1990). Mutashabih al-Quran wa Mukhtalifuhu (Vol. 2). Qom: Dar al-Bidar. [In Arabic]
Ibn Zuhrah, H. ibn A. (1997). Ghinayat al-Nuzul ila ‘Ilm al-Usul wal-Furu’. Qom: Imam Sadiq (A.S.) Institute. [In Arabic]
Isfahani, M. H. (1997). Hashiyat Kitab al-Makasib (Vols. 1, 2 & 4). Qom: Anwar al-Huda. [In Arabic]
Khansari, A. J. D. (n.d.). Al-Talimat ‘ala al-Rawdat al-Bahiyyah. Qom: Al-Maktabah al-Radawiyyah. [In Arabic]
Khomeini, M. (1997). Tahrirat fi al-Usul (Vol. 7). Qom. [In Arabic]
Khomeini, S. R. (2000). Kitab al-Bay ‘(Vols. 1, 2 & 4). Qom: Institute for Organizing and Publishing Imam Khomeini's Works. [In Arabic]
Khomeini, S. R. (2003). Tahrir al-Usul (Vol. 3). Tehran. [In Persian]
Khoyi, S. A. (1997). Mawsu‘ah al-Imam al-Khoyi (Vols. 4, 10, 21, 28, 42 & 43). Qom: Imam Khoyi Institute for the Revival of His Works. [In Arabic]
Khoyi, S. A. (1998). Darasat fi Ilm al-Usul (Vol. 2). Qom: The Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence according to the Ahl al-Bayt. [In Arabic]
Khoyi, S. A. (n.d.). Misbah al-Fiqahah (Vol. 3). 
Kulayni, M.. (1999). Al-Kafi (Vols. 2 & 5). Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah. [In Arabic]
Lankarani, M. F. (2005). Thalath Rasa’il. Qom: Fiqh Center of Imams of Ahl al-Bayt. [In Arabic]
Makarem Shirazi, N. (1998). Al-Qawa’id al-Fiqhiyah (Vol. 1). Qom: Imam Ali al-Mu’minin School. [In Arabic]
Maraghi, S. M. A. (1998). Al-‘Anawin al-Fiqhiyah (Vol. 2). Qom: Islamic Publications Office. [In Arabic]
Milani, S. M. H. (1996). Muhadharat fi Fiqh al-Imamiyah - Kitab al-Zakat (Vol. 2). Mashhad: Ferdowsi University Printing and Publishing Institute. [In Arabic]
Muhaqqeq Damad, S. M. (1997). Kitab al-Salah (Vol. 3). Qom: Islamic Publications Office. [In Arabic]
Mujahid, S. M. (1877). Mafatih al-Usul. Qom: Al-Bayt Institution. [In Arabic]
Nayini, M. H. G. (1994). Munyat al-Talib fi Hashiyat al-Makasib (Vol. 1). Tehran: Al-Maktabah al-Muhammadiyah. [In Arabic]
Nayini, M. H. G. (1997). Al-Makasib wa al-Bay‘ (Vol. 1). Qom: Islamic Publications Office. [In Arabic]
Qanun Madani-ye Jumhuri-ye Islami-ye Iran (1980).
Qomi, S. H. T. (1997). Kitab al-Hajj (Vol. 1). Qom: Bagheri Publications. [In Arabic]
S. M. (1986). Rasa’il al-Sharif al-Murtada (Vol. 3). Qom: Dar al-Quran al-Kareem. [In Arabic]
S. M. (1998). Al-Masail al-Nasariyah. Tehran: Islamic Culture and Relations Organization. [In Persian]
S. Y., M. K. (2000). Hashiyat al-Makasib (Vol. 1). Qom: Ismailian. [In Arabic]
Sabzwari, S. A. (1997). Muhtadhab al-Ahkam fi Bayan al-Halal wal-Haram (Vols. 2, 5 & 19). Qom: Manar Institute. [In Arabic]
Sadr, S. M. B. (1997). Buhuth fi Ilm al-Usul (Vols. 1 & 5). Qom: Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence of Ahl al-Bayt. [In Arabic]
Sadr, S. M. B. (1999). Mabahith al-Usul (Vol. 4). Qom. [In Arabic]
Sadr, S. M. B. (2000). Qa’idat La Dharar wa La Dharar. Qom: Dar al-Sadiqin for Printing and Publishing. [In Arabic]
Shahid Thani, Z. D. (1996). Masalik al-Afham ila Tanqih Sharai’ al-Islam (Vol. 1). Qom: Ma‘arif Islami Institute. [In Arabic]
Shahroudi, M. (2006). Nata’ij al-Afkar fi al-Usul (Vol. 4). Qom. [In Persian]
Shaykh S., S. (1980). Al-Tawhid. Qom: Islamic Publications Office. [In Arabic]
Shaykh S., S. (1983). Al-Khisal (Vol. 2). Qom: Islamic Publications Office. [In Arabic]
Shaykh T., (1996). Al-Iqtisad al-Hadi ila Tariq al-Rashad. Tehran: Jami‘ah Chehel Sotoun Publications. [In Arabic]
Sistani, S. A. H. (1997). Qa’idat La Dharar wa La Dharar (Vol. 3). Qom: Office of Ayatollah Sistani. [In Arabic]
Tabarsi, A. (1991). Al-Ihtijaj (Vol. 1). Mashhad: Murtada Publications. [In Arabic]
Tabataba’i, S. M. H. (n.d.). Al-Mizan fi Tafseer al-Quran (Vol. 14). Qom: Ismailian. 
Tabrizi, J. (2005). Tanqih Mabani al-‘Urwah - Kitab al-Tahara (Vol. 2). Qom: Dar al-Siddiqah al-Shahidyah. [In Arabic]
Fiqh
Volume 31, Issue 1
June 2024
Pages 87-117

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 10 February 2024
  • Revise Date: 30 June 2024
  • Accept Date: 31 October 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics